Przewodnik po Vitest: Od zera do pewności na produkcji

import { bench, describe } from "vitest";
 
describe("string concatenation", () => {
  bench("template literals", () => {
    const name = "world";
    const _result = `hello ${name}`;
  });
 
  bench("string concat", () => {
    const name = "world";
    const _result = "hello " + name;
  });
});

npm install -D vitest @testing-library/react @testing-library/jest-dom @testing-library/user-event jsdom

import { defineConfig } from "vitest/config";
import react from "@vitejs/plugin-react";
import path from "path";
 
export default defineConfig({
  plugins: [react()],
  test: {
    globals: true,
    environment: "jsdom",
    setupFiles: ["./src/test/setup.ts"],
    include: ["src/**/*.{test,spec}.{ts,tsx}"],
    alias: {
      "@": path.resolve(__dirname, "./src"),
    },
    css: false,
  },
});

/// <reference types="vitest/config" />
import { defineConfig } from "vite";
import react from "@vitejs/plugin-react";
 
export default defineConfig({
  plugins: [react()],
  resolve: {
    alias: {
      "@": "/src",
    },
  },
  test: {
    globals: true,
    environment: "jsdom",
    setupFiles: ["./src/test/setup.ts"],
  },
});

// globals: false
import { describe, it, expect } from "vitest";
 
describe("math", () => {
  it("adds numbers", () => {
    expect(1 + 1).toBe(2);
  });
});

{
  "compilerOptions": {
    "types": ["vitest/globals"]
  }
}

// src/lib/utils.test.ts
// @vitest-environment node
 
import { formatDate, slugify } from "./utils";
 
describe("slugify", () => {
  it("converts spaces to hyphens", () => {
    expect(slugify("hello world")).toBe("hello-world");
  });
});

// src/test/setup.ts
import "@testing-library/jest-dom/vitest";
 
// Mock IntersectionObserver — jsdom doesn't implement it
class MockIntersectionObserver {
  observe = vi.fn();
  unobserve = vi.fn();
  disconnect = vi.fn();
}
 
Object.defineProperty(window, "IntersectionObserver", {
  writable: true,
  value: MockIntersectionObserver,
});
 
// Mock window.matchMedia — needed for responsive components
Object.defineProperty(window, "matchMedia", {
  writable: true,
  value: vi.fn().mockImplementation((query: string) => ({
    matches: false,
    media: query,
    onchange: null,
    addListener: vi.fn(),
    removeListener: vi.fn(),
    addEventListener: vi.fn(),
    removeEventListener: vi.fn(),
    dispatchEvent: vi.fn(),
  })),
});

it("calculates total with tax", () => {
  // Arrange
  const items = [
    { name: "Widget", price: 10 },
    { name: "Gadget", price: 20 },
  ];
  const taxRate = 0.08;
 
  // Act
  const total = calculateTotal(items, taxRate);
 
  // Assert
  expect(total).toBe(32.4);
});

describe("calculateTotal", () => {
  it("sums item prices", () => {
    /* ... */
  });
  it("applies tax rate", () => {
    /* ... */
  });
  it("returns 0 for empty array", () => {
    /* ... */
  });
  it("handles negative prices", () => {
    /* ... */
  });
});

// This is fine — one concept, multiple assertions
it("formats user display name", () => {
  const user = { firstName: "John", lastName: "Doe", title: "Dr." };
  const result = formatDisplayName(user);
 
  expect(result).toContain("John");
  expect(result).toContain("Doe");
  expect(result).toStartWith("Dr.");
});
 
// This is not fine — multiple concepts in one test
it("handles user operations", () => {
  const user = createUser("John");
  expect(user.id).toBeDefined();
 
  const updated = updateUser(user.id, { name: "Jane" });
  expect(updated.name).toBe("Jane");
 
  deleteUser(user.id);
  expect(getUser(user.id)).toBeNull();
});

describe("PasswordValidator", () => {
  describe("minimum length", () => {
    it("rejects passwords shorter than 8 characters", () => {
      /* ... */
    });
    it("accepts passwords with exactly 8 characters", () => {
      /* ... */
    });
  });
 
  describe("character requirements", () => {
    it("requires at least one uppercase letter", () => {
      /* ... */
    });
    it("requires at least one number", () => {
      /* ... */
    });
    it("requires at least one special character", () => {
      /* ... */
    });
  });
 
  describe("common password check", () => {
    it("rejects passwords in the common passwords list", () => {
      /* ... */
    });
    it("performs case-insensitive comparison", () => {
      /* ... */
    });
  });
});

const mockCallback = vi.fn();
 
// Call it
mockCallback("hello", 42);
mockCallback("world");
 
// Assert on calls
expect(mockCallback).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
expect(mockCallback).toHaveBeenCalledWith("hello", 42);
expect(mockCallback).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith("world");

const mockFetch = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({
  ok: true,
  json: () => Promise.resolve({ id: 1, name: "Test" }),
});

const mockRandom = vi.fn().mockReturnValueOnce(0.1).mockReturnValueOnce(0.5).mockReturnValueOnce(0.9);

const consoleSpy = vi.spyOn(console, "warn");
 
validateInput("");
 
expect(consoleSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith("Input cannot be empty");
consoleSpy.mockRestore();

// Mock the entire module
vi.mock("@/lib/api", () => ({
  fetchUsers: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue([
    { id: 1, name: "Alice" },
    { id: 2, name: "Bob" },
  ]),
  fetchUser: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ id: 1, name: "Alice" }),
}));
 
// The import now uses the mocked version
import { fetchUsers } from "@/lib/api";
 
describe("UserList", () => {
  it("displays users from API", async () => {
    const users = await fetchUsers();
    expect(users).toHaveLength(2);
  });
});

vi.mock("@/lib/analytics");
 
import { trackEvent, trackPageView } from "@/lib/analytics";
 
it("tracks form submission", () => {
  submitForm();
  expect(trackEvent).toHaveBeenCalledWith("form_submit", expect.any(Object));
});

const mockFn = vi.fn().mockReturnValue(42);
mockFn();
 
// mockClear — resets call history, keeps implementation
mockFn.mockClear();
expect(mockFn).not.toHaveBeenCalled(); // true
expect(mockFn()).toBe(42); // still returns 42
 
// mockReset — resets call history AND implementation
mockFn.mockReset();
expect(mockFn()).toBeUndefined(); // no longer returns 42
 
// mockRestore — for spies, restores original implementation
const spy = vi.spyOn(Math, "random").mockReturnValue(0.5);
spy.mockRestore();
// Math.random() now works normally again

beforeEach(() => {
  vi.clearAllMocks();
});
 
afterEach(() => {
  vi.restoreAllMocks();
});

// Over-mocked — tests nothing useful
vi.mock("@/lib/validator");
vi.mock("@/lib/formatter");
vi.mock("@/lib/api");
vi.mock("@/lib/cache");
 
it("processes user input", () => {
  processInput("hello");
  expect(validator.validate).toHaveBeenCalledWith("hello");
  expect(formatter.format).toHaveBeenCalledWith("hello");
});

import { render, screen } from "@testing-library/react";
import { Button } from "@/components/ui/Button";
 
describe("Button", () => {
  it("renders with label text", () => {
    render(<Button>Click me</Button>);
    expect(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Click me" })).toBeInTheDocument();
  });
 
  it("applies variant classes", () => {
    render(<Button variant="primary">Submit</Button>);
    const button = screen.getByRole("button");
    expect(button).toHaveClass("bg-primary");
  });
 
  it("is disabled when disabled prop is true", () => {
    render(<Button disabled>Submit</Button>);
    expect(screen.getByRole("button")).toBeDisabled();
  });
});

// Throws if no button found — test fails with a helpful error
const button = screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Submit" });

// Returns null — doesn't throw
expect(screen.queryByText("Error message")).not.toBeInTheDocument();

// Waits up to 1000ms for the element to appear
const successMessage = await screen.findByText("Saved successfully");
expect(successMessage).toBeInTheDocument();

// Prefer this
screen.getByRole("textbox", { name: "Email address" });
 
// Over this
screen.getByPlaceholderText("Enter your email");
 
// And definitely over this
screen.getByTestId("email-input");

import userEvent from "@testing-library/user-event";
 
describe("SearchInput", () => {
  it("filters results as user types", async () => {
    const user = userEvent.setup();
    const onSearch = vi.fn();
 
    render(<SearchInput onSearch={onSearch} />);
 
    const input = screen.getByRole("searchbox");
    await user.type(input, "vitest");
 
    // user.type fires keydown, keypress, input, keyup for EACH character
    // fireEvent.change just sets the value — skipping realistic event flow
    expect(onSearch).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith("vitest");
  });
 
  it("clears input on escape key", async () => {
    const user = userEvent.setup();
 
    render(<SearchInput onSearch={vi.fn()} />);
 
    const input = screen.getByRole("searchbox");
    await user.type(input, "hello");
    await user.keyboard("{Escape}");
 
    expect(input).toHaveValue("");
  });
});

import { render, screen, within } from "@testing-library/react";
import userEvent from "@testing-library/user-event";
import { TodoList } from "@/components/TodoList";
 
describe("TodoList", () => {
  it("adds a new todo item", async () => {
    const user = userEvent.setup();
    render(<TodoList />);
 
    const input = screen.getByRole("textbox", { name: /new todo/i });
    const addButton = screen.getByRole("button", { name: /add/i });
 
    await user.type(input, "Write tests");
    await user.click(addButton);
 
    expect(screen.getByText("Write tests")).toBeInTheDocument();
    expect(input).toHaveValue("");
  });
 
  it("marks a todo as completed", async () => {
    const user = userEvent.setup();
    render(<TodoList initialItems={[{ id: "1", text: "Buy groceries", done: false }]} />);
 
    const checkbox = screen.getByRole("checkbox", { name: /buy groceries/i });
    await user.click(checkbox);
 
    expect(checkbox).toBeChecked();
  });
 
  it("removes completed items when clear button is clicked", async () => {
    const user = userEvent.setup();
    render(
      <TodoList
        initialItems={[
          { id: "1", text: "Done task", done: true },
          { id: "2", text: "Pending task", done: false },
        ]}
      />
    );
 
    await user.click(screen.getByRole("button", { name: /clear completed/i }));
 
    expect(screen.queryByText("Done task")).not.toBeInTheDocument();
    expect(screen.getByText("Pending task")).toBeInTheDocument();
  });
});

import { render, screen, waitFor } from "@testing-library/react";
 
it("loads and displays user profile", async () => {
  render(<UserProfile userId="123" />);
 
  // Initially shows loading
  expect(screen.getByText("Loading...")).toBeInTheDocument();
 
  // Wait for content to appear
  await waitFor(() => {
    expect(screen.getByText("John Doe")).toBeInTheDocument();
  });
 
  // Loading indicator should be gone
  expect(screen.queryByText("Loading...")).not.toBeInTheDocument();
});

await waitFor(() => expect(screen.getByText("Done")).toBeInTheDocument(), { timeout: 3000, interval: 100 });

describe("Debounce", () => {
  beforeEach(() => {
    vi.useFakeTimers();
  });
 
  afterEach(() => {
    vi.useRealTimers();
  });
 
  it("delays execution by the specified time", () => {
    const callback = vi.fn();
    const debounced = debounce(callback, 300);
 
    debounced();
    expect(callback).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
 
    vi.advanceTimersByTime(200);
    expect(callback).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
 
    vi.advanceTimersByTime(100);
    expect(callback).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
  });
 
  it("resets timer on subsequent calls", () => {
    const callback = vi.fn();
    const debounced = debounce(callback, 300);
 
    debounced();
    vi.advanceTimersByTime(200);
 
    debounced(); // reset the timer
    vi.advanceTimersByTime(200);
    expect(callback).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
 
    vi.advanceTimersByTime(100);
    expect(callback).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
  });
});

import { render, screen, act } from "@testing-library/react";
 
describe("Notification", () => {
  beforeEach(() => {
    vi.useFakeTimers();
  });
 
  afterEach(() => {
    vi.useRealTimers();
  });
 
  it("auto-dismisses after 5 seconds", async () => {
    render(<Notification message="Saved!" autoDismiss={5000} />);
 
    expect(screen.getByText("Saved!")).toBeInTheDocument();
 
    // Advance timers inside act() to flush React updates
    await act(async () => {
      vi.advanceTimersByTime(5000);
    });
 
    expect(screen.queryByText("Saved!")).not.toBeInTheDocument();
  });
});

import { http, HttpResponse } from "msw";
import { setupServer } from "msw/node";
import { render, screen } from "@testing-library/react";
 
const server = setupServer(
  http.get("/api/users", () => {
    return HttpResponse.json([
      { id: 1, name: "Alice", email: "alice@example.com" },
      { id: 2, name: "Bob", email: "bob@example.com" },
    ]);
  }),
  http.get("/api/users/:id", ({ params }) => {
    return HttpResponse.json({
      id: Number(params.id),
      name: "Alice",
      email: "alice@example.com",
    });
  })
);
 
beforeAll(() => server.listen());
afterEach(() => server.resetHandlers());
afterAll(() => server.close());
 
describe("UserList", () => {
  it("displays users from API", async () => {
    render(<UserList />);
 
    expect(await screen.findByText("Alice")).toBeInTheDocument();
    expect(await screen.findByText("Bob")).toBeInTheDocument();
  });
 
  it("shows error state when API fails", async () => {
    // Override the default handler for this one test
    server.use(
      http.get("/api/users", () => {
        return new HttpResponse(null, { status: 500 });
      })
    );
 
    render(<UserList />);
 
    expect(await screen.findByText(/failed to load/i)).toBeInTheDocument();
  });
});

import { render, screen } from "@testing-library/react";
import userEvent from "@testing-library/user-event";
import { ShoppingCart } from "@/components/ShoppingCart";
import { CartProvider } from "@/contexts/CartContext";
 
// Only mock the API layer — everything else is real
vi.mock("@/lib/api", () => ({
  checkout: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ orderId: "ORD-123" }),
}));
 
describe("Shopping Cart Flow", () => {
  const renderCart = (initialItems = []) => {
    return render(
      <CartProvider initialItems={initialItems}>
        <ShoppingCart />
      </CartProvider>
    );
  };
 
  it("displays item count and total", () => {
    renderCart([
      { id: "1", name: "Keyboard", price: 79.99, quantity: 1 },
      { id: "2", name: "Mouse", price: 49.99, quantity: 2 },
    ]);
 
    expect(screen.getByText("3 items")).toBeInTheDocument();
    expect(screen.getByText("$179.97")).toBeInTheDocument();
  });
 
  it("updates quantity and recalculates total", async () => {
    const user = userEvent.setup();
 
    renderCart([
      { id: "1", name: "Keyboard", price: 79.99, quantity: 1 },
    ]);
 
    const incrementButton = screen.getByRole("button", { name: /increase quantity/i });
    await user.click(incrementButton);
 
    expect(screen.getByText("$159.98")).toBeInTheDocument();
  });
 
  it("completes checkout flow", async () => {
    const user = userEvent.setup();
    const { checkout } = await import("@/lib/api");
 
    renderCart([
      { id: "1", name: "Keyboard", price: 79.99, quantity: 1 },
    ]);
 
    await user.click(screen.getByRole("button", { name: /checkout/i }));
 
    expect(checkout).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
      items: [{ id: "1", quantity: 1 }],
    });
 
    expect(await screen.findByText(/order confirmed/i)).toBeInTheDocument();
    expect(screen.getByText("ORD-123")).toBeInTheDocument();
  });
});

vitest run --coverage

# V8 — faster, uses V8's built-in coverage
npm install -D @vitest/coverage-v8
 
# Istanbul — more mature, more configuration options
npm install -D @vitest/coverage-istanbul

export default defineConfig({
  test: {
    coverage: {
      provider: "v8",
      reporter: ["text", "html", "lcov"],
      include: ["src/**/*.{ts,tsx}"],
      exclude: ["src/**/*.test.{ts,tsx}", "src/**/*.spec.{ts,tsx}", "src/test/**", "src/**/*.d.ts", "src/**/types.ts"],
      thresholds: {
        statements: 80,
        branches: 75,
        functions: 80,
        lines: 80,
      },
    },
  },
});

function divide(a: number, b: number): number {
  return a / b;
}
 
it("divides numbers", () => {
  divide(10, 2);
  // No assertion!
});

function getDiscount(user: User): number {
  if (user.isPremium) {
    return user.yearsActive > 5 ? 0.2 : 0.1;
  }
  return 0;
}

// vitest.config.ts
coverage: {
  exclude: [
    "src/**/*.d.ts",
    "src/**/types.ts",
    "src/**/*.stories.tsx",
    "src/generated/**",
    ".velite/**",
  ],
}

/* v8 ignore start */
if (process.env.NODE_ENV === "development") {
  console.log("Debug info:", data);
}
/* v8 ignore stop */
 
// Or for Istanbul
/* istanbul ignore next */
function devOnlyHelper() {
  /* ... */
}

import { vi } from "vitest";
 
vi.mock("next/navigation", () => ({
  useRouter: () => ({
    push: vi.fn(),
    replace: vi.fn(),
    back: vi.fn(),
    prefetch: vi.fn(),
    refresh: vi.fn(),
  }),
  usePathname: () => "/en/blog",
  useSearchParams: () => new URLSearchParams("?page=1"),
  useParams: () => ({ locale: "en" }),
}));

import { useRouter } from "next/navigation";
 
vi.mock("next/navigation", () => ({
  useRouter: vi.fn(),
}));
 
describe("LogoutButton", () => {
  it("redirects to home after logout", async () => {
    const mockPush = vi.fn();
    vi.mocked(useRouter).mockReturnValue({
      push: mockPush,
      replace: vi.fn(),
      back: vi.fn(),
      prefetch: vi.fn(),
      refresh: vi.fn(),
      forward: vi.fn(),
    });
 
    const user = userEvent.setup();
    render(<LogoutButton />);
 
    await user.click(screen.getByRole("button", { name: /log out/i }));
 
    expect(mockPush).toHaveBeenCalledWith("/");
  });
});

vi.mock("next-intl", () => ({
  useTranslations: () => (key: string) => key,
  useLocale: () => "en",
}));

import { GET, POST } from "@/app/api/users/route";
import { NextRequest } from "next/server";
 
describe("GET /api/users", () => {
  it("returns users list", async () => {
    const request = new NextRequest("http://localhost:3000/api/users");
    const response = await GET(request);
    const data = await response.json();
 
    expect(response.status).toBe(200);
    expect(data).toEqual(
      expect.arrayContaining([expect.objectContaining({ id: expect.any(Number), name: expect.any(String) })]),
    );
  });
});
 
describe("POST /api/users", () => {
  it("creates a new user", async () => {
    const request = new NextRequest("http://localhost:3000/api/users", {
      method: "POST",
      body: JSON.stringify({ name: "Alice", email: "alice@test.com" }),
    });
 
    const response = await POST(request);
    const data = await response.json();
 
    expect(response.status).toBe(201);
    expect(data.name).toBe("Alice");
  });
 
  it("returns 400 for invalid body", async () => {
    const request = new NextRequest("http://localhost:3000/api/users", {
      method: "POST",
      body: JSON.stringify({ name: "" }),
    });
 
    const response = await POST(request);
    expect(response.status).toBe(400);
  });
});

import { middleware } from "@/middleware";
import { NextRequest } from "next/server";
 
function createRequest(path: string, headers: Record<string, string> = {}): NextRequest {
  const url = new URL(path, "http://localhost:3000");
  return new NextRequest(url, { headers });
}
 
describe("middleware", () => {
  it("redirects unauthenticated users from protected routes", async () => {
    const request = createRequest("/dashboard");
    const response = await middleware(request);
 
    expect(response.status).toBe(307);
    expect(response.headers.get("location")).toContain("/login");
  });
 
  it("allows authenticated users through", async () => {
    const request = createRequest("/dashboard", {
      cookie: "session=valid-token",
    });
    const response = await middleware(request);
 
    expect(response.status).toBe(200);
  });
 
  it("adds security headers", async () => {
    const request = createRequest("/");
    const response = await middleware(request);
 
    expect(response.headers.get("x-frame-options")).toBe("DENY");
    expect(response.headers.get("x-content-type-options")).toBe("nosniff");
  });
});

// src/test/utils.tsx
import { render, type RenderOptions } from "@testing-library/react";
import { ReactElement } from "react";
import { ThemeProvider } from "@/contexts/ThemeContext";
import { CartProvider } from "@/contexts/CartContext";
 
interface CustomRenderOptions extends RenderOptions {
  theme?: "light" | "dark";
  initialCartItems?: CartItem[];
}
 
function AllProviders({ children, theme = "light", initialCartItems = [] }: {
  children: React.ReactNode;
  theme?: "light" | "dark";
  initialCartItems?: CartItem[];
}) {
  return (
    <ThemeProvider defaultTheme={theme}>
      <CartProvider initialItems={initialCartItems}>
        {children}
      </CartProvider>
    </ThemeProvider>
  );
}
 
export function renderWithProviders(
  ui: ReactElement,
  options: CustomRenderOptions = {}
) {
  const { theme, initialCartItems, ...renderOptions } = options;
 
  return render(ui, {
    wrapper: ({ children }) => (
      <AllProviders theme={theme} initialCartItems={initialCartItems}>
        {children}
      </AllProviders>
    ),
    ...renderOptions,
  });
}
 
// Re-export everything from testing library
export * from "@testing-library/react";
export { renderWithProviders as render };

import { render, screen } from "@/test/utils";
 
it("renders in dark mode", () => {
  render(<Header />, { theme: "dark" });
  // Header and all its children have access to ThemeProvider and CartProvider
});

import { renderHook, act } from "@testing-library/react";
import { useCounter } from "@/hooks/useCounter";
 
describe("useCounter", () => {
  it("starts at initial value", () => {
    const { result } = renderHook(() => useCounter(10));
    expect(result.current.count).toBe(10);
  });
 
  it("increments", () => {
    const { result } = renderHook(() => useCounter(0));
 
    act(() => {
      result.current.increment();
    });
 
    expect(result.current.count).toBe(1);
  });
 
  it("decrements with floor", () => {
    const { result } = renderHook(() => useCounter(0, { min: 0 }));
 
    act(() => {
      result.current.decrement();
    });
 
    expect(result.current.count).toBe(0); // doesn't go below min
  });
});

import { render, screen } from "@testing-library/react";
import { ErrorBoundary } from "@/components/ErrorBoundary";
 
const ThrowingComponent = () => {
  throw new Error("Test explosion");
};
 
describe("ErrorBoundary", () => {
  // Suppress console.error for expected errors
  beforeEach(() => {
    vi.spyOn(console, "error").mockImplementation(() => {});
  });
 
  afterEach(() => {
    vi.restoreAllMocks();
  });
 
  it("displays fallback UI when child throws", () => {
    render(
      <ErrorBoundary fallback={<div>Something went wrong</div>}>
        <ThrowingComponent />
      </ErrorBoundary>
    );
 
    expect(screen.getByText("Something went wrong")).toBeInTheDocument();
  });
 
  it("renders children when no error", () => {
    render(
      <ErrorBoundary fallback={<div>Error</div>}>
        <div>All good</div>
      </ErrorBoundary>
    );
 
    expect(screen.getByText("All good")).toBeInTheDocument();
    expect(screen.queryByText("Error")).not.toBeInTheDocument();
  });
});

import { render } from "@testing-library/react";
import { formatCurrency } from "@/lib/format";
 
// Good — small, targeted snapshot of a pure function's output
it("formats various currency values consistently", () => {
  expect(formatCurrency(0)).toMatchInlineSnapshot('"$0.00"');
  expect(formatCurrency(1234.5)).toMatchInlineSnapshot('"$1,234.50"');
  expect(formatCurrency(-99.99)).toMatchInlineSnapshot('"-$99.99"');
  expect(formatCurrency(1000000)).toMatchInlineSnapshot('"$1,000,000.00"');
});
 
// Bad — giant snapshot nobody will review
it("renders the dashboard", () => {
  const { container } = render(<Dashboard />);
  expect(container).toMatchSnapshot(); // Don't do this
});

// Implementation test — brittle, breaks on refactors
it("calls setState with new count", () => {
  const setStateSpy = vi.spyOn(React, "useState");
  render(<Counter />);
  fireEvent.click(screen.getByText("+"));
  expect(setStateSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith(expect.any(Function));
});
 
// Behavior test — resilient, tests what the user sees
it("increments the displayed count when plus button is clicked", async () => {
  const user = userEvent.setup();
  render(<Counter />);
  expect(screen.getByText("Count: 0")).toBeInTheDocument();
 
  await user.click(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "+" }));
 
  expect(screen.getByText("Count: 1")).toBeInTheDocument();
});

// Hard to test — function does too much
async function processOrder(orderId: string) {
  const order = await db.orders.findById(orderId);
  const user = await db.users.findById(order.userId);
  const inventory = await checkInventory(order.items);
  if (!inventory.available) {
    await sendEmail(user.email, "out-of-stock", { items: inventory.unavailable });
    return { success: false, reason: "out-of-stock" };
  }
  const payment = await chargeCard(user.paymentMethod, order.total);
  if (!payment.success) {
    await sendEmail(user.email, "payment-failed", { error: payment.error });
    return { success: false, reason: "payment-failed" };
  }
  await db.orders.update(orderId, { status: "confirmed" });
  await sendEmail(user.email, "order-confirmed", { orderId });
  return { success: true };
}
 
// Easier to test — separated concerns
function determineOrderAction(inventory: InventoryResult, payment: PaymentResult): OrderAction {
  if (!inventory.available) return { type: "out-of-stock", items: inventory.unavailable };
  if (!payment.success) return { type: "payment-failed", error: payment.error };
  return { type: "confirmed" };
}