Git 进阶：每周省你几小时的工作流

pick a1b2c3d Add user authentication endpoint
fixup d4e5f6g Fix typo in auth middleware
pick h7i8j9k Add rate limiting
fixup l0m1n2o Fix rate limit bug
pick p3q4r5s Update auth tests

pick a1b2c3d Add user authentication endpoint
pick p3q4r5s Update auth tests
pick h7i8j9k Add rate limiting

git commit --fixup=a1b2c3d

git rebase -i --autosquash HEAD~5

git push --force-with-lease

# Find the commit hash of the fix
git log --oneline feature/user-auth
# a1b2c3d Fix null pointer in session validation
 
# Switch to main and cherry-pick it
git checkout main
git cherry-pick a1b2c3d

git cherry-pick --no-commit a1b2c3d

git cherry-pick a1b2c3d..f6g7h8i

git cherry-pick a1b2c3d^..f6g7h8i

# Git will tell you there's a conflict
# Fix the conflicting files, then:
git add .
git cherry-pick --continue

git cherry-pick --abort

# Start bisecting
git bisect start
 
# Mark the current commit as bad (the bug exists here)
git bisect bad
 
# Mark a known good commit (the bug didn't exist here)
git bisect good v2.1.0

# If the bug exists at this commit:
git bisect bad
 
# If the bug doesn't exist at this commit:
git bisect good

a1b2c3d4e5f6g7h is the first bad commit
commit a1b2c3d4e5f6g7h
Author: Some Developer <dev@example.com>
Date: Tue Feb 18 14:23:01 2026 +0300
 
    Refactor session handling to use async middleware

git bisect reset

git bisect start
git bisect bad HEAD
git bisect good v2.1.0
git bisect run npm test -- --grep "session validation"

git bisect run ./test-regression.sh

#!/bin/bash
npm run build 2>/dev/null || exit 125  # 125 means "skip this commit"
npm test -- --grep "session" || exit 1  # 1 means "bad"
exit 0                                   # 0 means "good"

$ git bisect start
$ git bisect bad HEAD
$ git bisect good abc1234
Bisecting: 97 revisions left to test after this (roughly 7 steps)
[def5678...] Commit message here
 
$ npm test -- --grep "login flow"
# Tests fail
 
$ git bisect bad
Bisecting: 48 revisions left to test after this (roughly 6 steps)
[ghi9012...] Another commit message
 
$ npm test -- --grep "login flow"
# Tests pass
 
$ git bisect good
Bisecting: 24 revisions left to test after this (roughly 5 steps)
...
 
# After ~7 iterations:
abc1234def5678ghi is the first bad commit

# You're on feature/user-auth, deep in work
# Need to fix a bug on main:
 
git worktree add ../hotfix-session main

cd ../hotfix-session
# Fix the bug
git add .
git commit -m "Fix null pointer in session validation"
git push origin main
cd ../my-project
# Continue working on your feature as if nothing happened

git worktree add ../hotfix-nav -b hotfix/nav-crash main

# List all worktrees
git worktree list
# /home/dev/my-project         abc1234 [feature/user-auth]
# /home/dev/hotfix-session     def5678 [main]
 
# Remove a worktree when done
git worktree remove ../hotfix-session
 
# If the directory was already deleted:
git worktree prune

git reflog

a1b2c3d (HEAD -> main) HEAD@{0}: reset: moving to HEAD~3
f4e5d6c HEAD@{1}: commit: Add payment processing
b7a8c9d HEAD@{2}: commit: Update user dashboard
e0f1g2h HEAD@{3}: commit: Fix auth token refresh
i3j4k5l HEAD@{4}: checkout: moving from feature/payments to main

# See what you lost
git reflog
 
# The commit before the reset is HEAD@{1}
git reset --hard f4e5d6c

git branch -D feature/experimental
# Oh no, that had two weeks of work

git reflog | grep "feature/experimental"
# Or just look through the reflog for the last commit on that branch
 
# Found it. Recreate the branch at that commit:
git branch feature/experimental a1b2c3d

# The reflog shows where you were before the rebase
git reflog
# a1b2c3d HEAD@{0}: rebase (finish): ...
# ...
# f4e5d6c HEAD@{5}: rebase (start): checkout main
# b7a8c9d HEAD@{6}: commit: Your last good commit
 
# Go back to before the rebase
git reset --hard b7a8c9d

git config gc.reflogExpire
# default: 90.days.ago (for reachable)
git config gc.reflogExpireUnreachable
# default: 30.days.ago (for unreachable)

git config --global gc.reflogExpireUnreachable "180.days.ago"

git stash
# do something
git stash pop

git stash push -m "WIP: user auth form validation"

git stash list
# stash@{0}: On feature/auth: WIP: user auth form validation
# stash@{1}: On main: Quick fix attempt for nav bug
# stash@{2}: On feature/payments: Experiment with Stripe webhooks

# Stash everything, including new files
git stash push --include-untracked -m "WIP: new auth components"
 
# Or even include ignored files (rarely needed)
git stash push --all -m "Full workspace snapshot"

# Stash only specific files
git stash push -m "Just the auth changes" src/auth/ src/middleware.ts

git stash push --patch -m "Partial: only the validation logic"

# Pop: apply and remove from stash list
git stash pop stash@{2}
 
# Apply: apply but keep in stash list
git stash apply stash@{2}

# See what files changed in a stash
git stash show stash@{0}
 
# See the full diff
git stash show -p stash@{0}

git stash branch feature/auth-validation stash@{0}

# Feature branch
git checkout -b feature/user-auth develop
# ... work ...
git checkout develop
git merge --no-ff feature/user-auth
 
# Release branch
git checkout -b release/2.1.0 develop
# ... final fixes ...
git checkout main
git merge --no-ff release/2.1.0
git tag -a v2.1.0 -m "Release 2.1.0"
git checkout develop
git merge --no-ff release/2.1.0
 
# Hotfix
git checkout -b hotfix/session-fix main
# ... fix ...
git checkout main
git merge --no-ff hotfix/session-fix
git checkout develop
git merge --no-ff hotfix/session-fix

git checkout -b feature/user-auth main
# ... work ...
git push origin feature/user-auth
# Open PR, get reviewed, merge
# main is always deployable

# Short-lived branch (merged same day)
git checkout -b fix/auth-token main
# ... small, focused change ...
git push origin fix/auth-token
# PR reviewed and merged within hours, not days

# Feature flag in code
if (featureFlags.isEnabled('new-checkout-flow')) {
  renderNewCheckout();
} else {
  renderLegacyCheckout();
}

#!/bin/bash
# .git/hooks/pre-commit
 
# Run ESLint on staged files only
STAGED_FILES=$(git diff --cached --name-only --diff-filter=ACM | grep -E '\.(js|ts|tsx)$')
 
if [ -n "$STAGED_FILES" ]; then
  echo "Running ESLint on staged files..."
  npx eslint $STAGED_FILES --quiet
  if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
    echo "ESLint failed. Fix errors before committing."
    exit 1
  fi
fi
 
# Run Prettier on staged files
if [ -n "$STAGED_FILES" ]; then
  echo "Running Prettier..."
  npx prettier --check $STAGED_FILES
  if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
    echo "Prettier check failed. Run 'npx prettier --write' first."
    exit 1
  fi
fi

#!/bin/bash
# .git/hooks/commit-msg
 
COMMIT_MSG=$(cat "$1")
PATTERN="^(feat|fix|docs|style|refactor|test|chore|perf|ci|build|revert)(\(.+\))?: .{1,72}"
 
if ! echo "$COMMIT_MSG" | grep -qE "$PATTERN"; then
  echo "Invalid commit message format."
  echo "Expected: type(scope): description"
  echo "Example: feat(auth): add session refresh endpoint"
  echo ""
  echo "Valid types: feat, fix, docs, style, refactor, test, chore, perf, ci, build, revert"
  exit 1
fi

#!/bin/bash
# .git/hooks/pre-push
 
echo "Running tests before push..."
npm test
if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
  echo "Tests failed. Push aborted."
  exit 1
fi

npx husky init

# .husky/pre-commit
npx lint-staged

{
  "lint-staged": {
    "*.{js,ts,tsx}": ["eslint --fix", "prettier --write"],
    "*.css": ["prettier --write"],
    "*.json": ["prettier --write"]
  }
}

git commit --no-verify -m "WIP: debugging production issue"

git config --global alias.lg "log --oneline --graph --all --decorate"

git lg
# * a1b2c3d (HEAD -> main) Fix session validation
# | * d4e5f6g (feature/payments) Add Stripe integration
# | * h7i8j9k Update payment models
# |/
# * l0m1n2o Merge PR #42
# * p3q4r5s Add user dashboard

git config --global alias.undo "reset HEAD~1 --mixed"

git undo
# Commit is gone, but all changes are still in your working directory

git config --global alias.unstage "reset HEAD --"

git unstage src/auth/session.ts
# File is unstaged but changes are preserved

git config --global alias.aliases "config --get-regexp ^alias\\."

# Show what you're about to commit
git config --global alias.staged "diff --staged"
 
# Short status
git config --global alias.st "status -sb"
 
# Amend without changing the message
git config --global alias.amend "commit --amend --no-edit"
 
# Show the last commit
git config --global alias.last "log -1 HEAD --stat"
 
# Pull with rebase instead of merge
git config --global alias.up "pull --rebase --autostash"
 
# Delete branches that have been merged to main
git config --global alias.cleanup "!git branch --merged main | grep -v '^[ *]*main$' | xargs git branch -d"

git log --oneline --graph --all

git diff --staged

# See unstaged changes
git diff
 
# See staged changes
git diff --staged
 
# See both
git diff HEAD

git show a1b2c3d

# Show just the files that changed
git show --stat a1b2c3d
 
# Show a specific file at a specific commit
git show a1b2c3d:src/auth/session.ts

git blame -L 42,60 src/auth/session.ts

# Show the commit message too, not just the hash
git blame -L 42,60 --show-name src/auth/session.ts
 
# Ignore whitespace changes (very useful)
git blame -w -L 42,60 src/auth/session.ts
 
# Show the commit before the blamed one (dig deeper)
git log --follow -p -- src/auth/session.ts

# Find when a function was added or removed
git log -S "validateSession" --oneline
 
# Find when a regex pattern appeared
git log -G "session.*timeout" --oneline

# What changed between two branches
git diff main..feature/auth
 
# What changed on this branch since it diverged from main
git diff main...feature/auth
 
# List just the changed files
git diff main...feature/auth --name-only
 
# Stat view (files + insertions/deletions)
git diff main...feature/auth --stat

# See what would be deleted (dry run)
git clean -n
 
# Delete untracked files
git clean -f
 
# Delete untracked files and directories
git clean -fd
 
# Delete untracked and ignored files (nuclear option)
git clean -fdx

# Get the main branch version of a file without switching branches
git restore --source main -- src/config/database.ts

git restore --source a1b2c3d -- src/config/database.ts

# Morning: check what's happening
git lg
git fetch --all
 
# Start a feature
git checkout -b feature/session-refresh main
 
# Work, commit incrementally
git add -p                        # Stage specific hunks, not entire files
git commit -m "Add token refresh endpoint"
git commit -m "Add refresh token rotation"
git commit -m "Fix: handle expired refresh tokens"
git commit -m "Add integration tests"
 
# Interrupted: need to fix a production bug
git worktree add ../hotfix main
cd ../hotfix
# ... fix, commit, push, PR merged ...
cd ../my-project
git worktree remove ../hotfix
 
# Back to feature work
git commit -m "Fix edge case in token validation"
 
# Ready for PR: clean up history
git rebase -i main
# Squash the fix commits, reword for clarity
 
# Push and open PR
git push -u origin feature/session-refresh
 
# Something broke in staging? Find out which commit:
git bisect start
git bisect bad HEAD
git bisect good main
git bisect run npm test
 
# Oops, I hard-reset the wrong thing
git reflog
git reset --hard HEAD@{2}