Ethereum Cho Lập Trình Viên Web: Smart Contract Không Cần Hype

interface Transaction {
  // Ai nhận giao dịch này — địa chỉ EOA hoặc địa chỉ contract
  to: string;      // Địa chỉ hex 20 byte, hoặc null cho việc triển khai contract
  // Bao nhiêu ETH gửi đi (tính bằng wei)
  value: bigint;   // Có thể là 0n cho các lệnh gọi contract thuần túy
  // Dữ liệu lệnh gọi hàm được mã hóa, hoặc rỗng cho chuyển ETH đơn thuần
  data: string;    // Byte được mã hóa hex, "0x" cho chuyển khoản đơn giản
  // Bộ đếm tuần tự, ngăn chặn tấn công replay
  nonce: number;   // Phải bằng chính xác nonce hiện tại của người gửi
  // Giới hạn gas — gas tối đa giao dịch này có thể tiêu thụ
  gasLimit: bigint;
  // Tham số phí EIP-1559
  maxFeePerGas: bigint;
  maxPriorityFeePerGas: bigint;
  // Định danh chuỗi (1 = mainnet, 11155111 = Sepolia, 137 = Polygon)
  chainId: number;
}

import { ethers } from "ethers";
 
const provider = new ethers.JsonRpcProvider("https://eth-mainnet.g.alchemy.com/v2/YOUR_KEY");
const wallet = new ethers.Wallet("0xYOUR_PRIVATE_KEY", provider);
 
const tx = await wallet.sendTransaction({
  to: "0xRecipientAddress...",
  value: ethers.parseEther("0.1"), // Converts "0.1" to wei (100000000000000000n)
});
 
console.log("Tx hash:", tx.hash);
 
// Wait for inclusion in a block
const receipt = await tx.wait();
console.log("Block number:", receipt.blockNumber);
console.log("Gas used:", receipt.gasUsed.toString());
console.log("Status:", receipt.status); // 1 = success, 0 = revert

import { createWalletClient, http, parseEther } from "viem";
import { mainnet } from "viem/chains";
import { privateKeyToAccount } from "viem/accounts";
 
const account = privateKeyToAccount("0xYOUR_PRIVATE_KEY");
 
const client = createWalletClient({
  account,
  chain: mainnet,
  transport: http("https://eth-mainnet.g.alchemy.com/v2/YOUR_KEY"),
});
 
const hash = await client.sendTransaction({
  to: "0xRecipientAddress...",
  value: parseEther("0.1"),
});
 
console.log("Tx hash:", hash);

const ERC20_ABI = [
  // Read-only functions (view/pure — no gas cost when called externally)
  "function name() view returns (string)",
  "function symbol() view returns (string)",
  "function decimals() view returns (uint8)",
  "function totalSupply() view returns (uint256)",
  "function balanceOf(address owner) view returns (uint256)",
  "function allowance(address owner, address spender) view returns (uint256)",
 
  // State-changing functions (require a transaction, cost gas)
  "function transfer(address to, uint256 amount) returns (bool)",
  "function approve(address spender, uint256 amount) returns (bool)",
  "function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 amount) returns (bool)",
 
  // Events (emitted during execution, stored in transaction logs)
  "event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 value)",
  "event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed spender, uint256 value)",
] as const;

import { ethers } from "ethers";
 
const iface = new ethers.Interface(ERC20_ABI);
 
// Encode a function call
const calldata = iface.encodeFunctionData("transfer", [
  "0xBobAddress...",
  1000000n,
]);
console.log(calldata);
// 0xa9059cbb000000000000000000000000bob...000000000000000000000000000f4240
 
// Decode calldata back to function name and args
const decoded = iface.parseTransaction({ data: calldata });
console.log(decoded.name);       // "transfer"
console.log(decoded.args[0]);    // "0xBobAddress..."
console.log(decoded.args[1]);    // 1000000n (BigInt)
 
// Decode a function's return data
const returnData = "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001";
const result = iface.decodeFunctionResult("transfer", returnData);
console.log(result[0]); // true

// Reading storage slot 0 of a contract
const slot0 = await provider.getStorage(
  "0xContractAddress...",
  0
);
console.log(slot0); // Raw 32-byte hex value

// Listening for Transfer events in real-time with ethers.js
const contract = new ethers.Contract(tokenAddress, ERC20_ABI, provider);
 
contract.on("Transfer", (from, to, value, event) => {
  console.log(`${from} -> ${to}: ${ethers.formatUnits(value, 18)} tokens`);
  console.log("Block:", event.log.blockNumber);
  console.log("Tx hash:", event.log.transactionHash);
});
 
// Querying historical events
const filter = contract.filters.Transfer(null, "0xMyAddress..."); // from=any, to=specific
const events = await contract.queryFilter(filter, 19000000, 19100000); // block range
 
for (const event of events) {
  console.log("From:", event.args.from);
  console.log("Value:", event.args.value.toString());
}

import { createPublicClient, http, parseAbiItem } from "viem";
import { mainnet } from "viem/chains";
 
const client = createPublicClient({
  chain: mainnet,
  transport: http("https://eth-mainnet.g.alchemy.com/v2/YOUR_KEY"),
});
 
// Historical logs
const logs = await client.getLogs({
  address: "0xTokenAddress...",
  event: parseAbiItem(
    "event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 value)"
  ),
  args: {
    to: "0xMyAddress...",
  },
  fromBlock: 19000000n,
  toBlock: 19100000n,
});
 
for (const log of logs) {
  console.log("From:", log.args.from);
  console.log("To:", log.args.to);
  console.log("Value:", log.args.value);
}
 
// Real-time watching
const unwatch = client.watchEvent({
  address: "0xTokenAddress...",
  event: parseAbiItem(
    "event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 value)"
  ),
  onLogs: (logs) => {
    for (const log of logs) {
      console.log(`Transfer: ${log.args.from} -> ${log.args.to}`);
    }
  },
});
 
// Call unwatch() to stop listening

// This is what your library does under the hood
const response = await fetch("https://eth-mainnet.g.alchemy.com/v2/YOUR_KEY", {
  method: "POST",
  headers: { "Content-Type": "application/json" },
  body: JSON.stringify({
    jsonrpc: "2.0",
    id: 1,
    method: "eth_call",
    params: [
      {
        to: "0xA0b86991c6218b36c1d19D4a2e9Eb0cE3606eB48", // USDC
        data: "0x70a08231000000000000000000000000d8dA6BF26964aF9D7eEd9e03E53415D37aA96045",
        // balanceOf(vitalik.eth)
      },
      "latest",
    ],
  }),
});
 
const result = await response.json();
console.log(result);
// { jsonrpc: "2.0", id: 1, result: "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000174876e800" }

import { ethers } from "ethers";
 
// ethers.js v6 fallback provider
const provider = new ethers.FallbackProvider([
  {
    provider: new ethers.JsonRpcProvider("https://eth-mainnet.g.alchemy.com/v2/KEY1"),
    priority: 1,
    stallTimeout: 2000,
    weight: 2,
  },
  {
    provider: new ethers.JsonRpcProvider("https://mainnet.infura.io/v3/KEY2"),
    priority: 2,
    stallTimeout: 2000,
    weight: 1,
  },
]);

import { ethers } from "ethers";
 
const provider = new ethers.JsonRpcProvider("https://eth-mainnet.g.alchemy.com/v2/YOUR_KEY");
 
// ERC-20 interface — just the read functions
const erc20 = new ethers.Contract(
  "0xA0b86991c6218b36c1d19D4a2e9Eb0cE3606eB48", // USDC
  [
    "function name() view returns (string)",
    "function symbol() view returns (string)",
    "function decimals() view returns (uint8)",
    "function totalSupply() view returns (uint256)",
    "function balanceOf(address) view returns (uint256)",
  ],
  provider // Note: provider, not signer. Read-only.
);
 
const [name, symbol, decimals, totalSupply] = await Promise.all([
  erc20.name(),
  erc20.symbol(),
  erc20.decimals(),
  erc20.totalSupply(),
]);
 
console.log(`${name} (${symbol})`);           // "USD Coin (USDC)"
console.log(`Decimals: ${decimals}`);          // 6 (NOT 18!)
console.log(`Total supply: ${ethers.formatUnits(totalSupply, decimals)}`);
 
// Check a specific address's balance
const balance = await erc20.balanceOf("0xSomeAddress...");
console.log(`Balance: ${ethers.formatUnits(balance, decimals)} USDC`);

import { ethers } from "ethers";
 
// Connect to a node
const provider = new ethers.JsonRpcProvider("https://...");
 
// Basic queries
const blockNumber = await provider.getBlockNumber();
const balance = await provider.getBalance("0xAddress...");
const block = await provider.getBlock(blockNumber);
const txCount = await provider.getTransactionCount("0xAddress...");

// From a private key (server-side, scripts)
const wallet = new ethers.Wallet("0xPrivateKey...", provider);
 
// From a browser wallet (client-side)
const browserProvider = new ethers.BrowserProvider(window.ethereum);
const signer = await browserProvider.getSigner();
 
// Get the address
const address = await signer.getAddress();

const usdc = new ethers.Contract(USDC_ADDRESS, ERC20_ABI, provider);
 
// Read (free, returns value directly)
const balance = await usdc.balanceOf("0xSomeAddress...");
// balance is a bigint: 1000000000n (1000 USDC with 6 decimals)
 
// To write, connect with a signer
const usdcWithSigner = usdc.connect(signer);
 
// Write (costs gas, returns TransactionResponse)
const tx = await usdcWithSigner.transfer("0xRecipient...", 1000000n);
const receipt = await tx.wait(); // Wait for block inclusion
 
if (receipt.status === 0) {
  throw new Error("Transaction reverted");
}

// Without TypeChain — no type checking
const balance = await contract.balanceOf("0x...");
// balance is 'any'. No autocomplete. Easy to misuse.
 
// With TypeChain — full type safety
import { USDC__factory } from "./typechain";
 
const usdc = USDC__factory.connect(USDC_ADDRESS, provider);
const balance = await usdc.balanceOf("0x...");
// balance is BigNumber. Autocomplete works. Type errors caught at compile time.

// WebSocket for real-time events
const wsProvider = new ethers.WebSocketProvider("wss://eth-mainnet.g.alchemy.com/v2/YOUR_KEY");
 
const contract = new ethers.Contract(USDC_ADDRESS, ERC20_ABI, wsProvider);
 
// Listen for all Transfer events
contract.on("Transfer", (from, to, value, event) => {
  console.log(`Transfer: ${from} -> ${to}`);
  console.log(`Amount: ${ethers.formatUnits(value, 6)} USDC`);
});
 
// Listen for transfers TO a specific address
const filter = contract.filters.Transfer(null, "0xMyAddress...");
contract.on(filter, (from, to, value) => {
  console.log(`Incoming transfer: ${ethers.formatUnits(value, 6)} USDC from ${from}`);
});
 
// Clean up when done
contract.removeAllListeners();

// wagmi.config.ts
import { createConfig, http } from "wagmi";
import { mainnet, sepolia } from "wagmi/chains";
import { injected, walletConnect } from "wagmi/connectors";
 
export const config = createConfig({
  chains: [mainnet, sepolia],
  connectors: [
    injected(),
    walletConnect({ projectId: "YOUR_WALLETCONNECT_PROJECT_ID" }),
  ],
  transports: {
    [mainnet.id]: http("https://eth-mainnet.g.alchemy.com/v2/YOUR_KEY"),
    [sepolia.id]: http("https://eth-sepolia.g.alchemy.com/v2/YOUR_KEY"),
  },
});

// app/providers.tsx
"use client";
 
import { WagmiProvider } from "wagmi";
import { QueryClient, QueryClientProvider } from "@tanstack/react-query";
import { config } from "./wagmi.config";
 
const queryClient = new QueryClient();
 
export function Providers({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
  return (
    <WagmiProvider config={config}>
      <QueryClientProvider client={queryClient}>
        {children}
      </QueryClientProvider>
    </WagmiProvider>
  );
}

"use client";
 
import { useReadContract } from "wagmi";
import { formatUnits } from "viem";
 
const ERC20_ABI = [
  {
    name: "balanceOf",
    type: "function",
    stateMutability: "view",
    inputs: [{ name: "owner", type: "address" }],
    outputs: [{ name: "balance", type: "uint256" }],
  },
] as const;
 
function TokenBalance({ address }: { address: `0x${string}` }) {
  const { data: balance, isLoading, error } = useReadContract({
    address: "0xA0b86991c6218b36c1d19D4a2e9Eb0cE3606eB48", // USDC
    abi: ERC20_ABI,
    functionName: "balanceOf",
    args: [address],
  });
 
  if (isLoading) return <span>Loading...</span>;
  if (error) return <span>Error: {error.message}</span>;
 
  // balance is typed as bigint because the ABI says uint256
  return <span>{formatUnits(balance ?? 0n, 6)} USDC</span>;
}

"use client";
 
import { useWriteContract, useWaitForTransactionReceipt } from "wagmi";
import { parseUnits } from "viem";
 
function SendTokens() {
  const { writeContract, data: hash, isPending, error } = useWriteContract();
 
  const { isLoading: isConfirming, isSuccess } = useWaitForTransactionReceipt({
    hash,
  });
 
  function handleSend() {
    writeContract({
      address: "0xA0b86991c6218b36c1d19D4a2e9Eb0cE3606eB48",
      abi: ERC20_ABI,
      functionName: "transfer",
      args: [
        "0xRecipientAddress...",
        parseUnits("100", 6), // 100 USDC
      ],
    });
  }
 
  return (
    <div>
      <button onClick={handleSend} disabled={isPending}>
        {isPending ? "Confirm in wallet..." : "Send 100 USDC"}
      </button>
 
      {hash && <p>Transaction: {hash}</p>}
      {isConfirming && <p>Waiting for confirmation...</p>}
      {isSuccess && <p>Transfer confirmed!</p>}
      {error && <p>Error: {error.message}</p>}
    </div>
  );
}

"use client";
 
import { useWatchContractEvent } from "wagmi";
import { useState } from "react";
import { formatUnits } from "viem";
 
interface TransferEvent {
  from: string;
  to: string;
  value: string;
}
 
function LiveTransfers() {
  const [transfers, setTransfers] = useState<TransferEvent[]>([]);
 
  useWatchContractEvent({
    address: "0xA0b86991c6218b36c1d19D4a2e9Eb0cE3606eB48",
    abi: ERC20_ABI,
    eventName: "Transfer",
    onLogs(logs) {
      const newTransfers = logs.map((log) => ({
        from: log.args.from as string,
        to: log.args.to as string,
        value: formatUnits(log.args.value as bigint, 6),
      }));
      setTransfers((prev) => [...newTransfers, ...prev].slice(0, 50));
    },
  });
 
  return (
    <ul>
      {transfers.map((t, i) => (
        <li key={i}>
          {t.from.slice(0, 8)}... → {t.to.slice(0, 8)}...: {t.value} USDC
        </li>
      ))}
    </ul>
  );
}

interface EIP1193Provider {
  request(args: { method: string; params?: unknown[] }): Promise<unknown>;
  on(event: string, handler: (...args: unknown[]) => void): void;
  removeListener(event: string, handler: (...args: unknown[]) => void): void;
}

// Low-level wallet interaction (you shouldn't do this directly, but it's useful to understand)
 
// Request account access
const accounts = await window.ethereum.request({
  method: "eth_requestAccounts",
});
console.log("Connected address:", accounts[0]);
 
// Get the current chain
const chainId = await window.ethereum.request({
  method: "eth_chainId",
});
console.log("Chain ID:", parseInt(chainId, 16)); // "0x1" -> 1 (mainnet)
 
// Listen for account changes (user switches accounts in MetaMask)
window.ethereum.on("accountsChanged", (accounts: string[]) => {
  if (accounts.length === 0) {
    console.log("Wallet disconnected");
  } else {
    console.log("Switched to:", accounts[0]);
  }
});
 
// Listen for chain changes (user switches networks)
window.ethereum.on("chainChanged", (chainId: string) => {
  // The recommended approach is to reload the page
  window.location.reload();
});

// Discovering all available wallets
interface EIP6963ProviderDetail {
  info: {
    uuid: string;
    name: string;
    icon: string;
    rdns: string;  // Reverse domain name, e.g., "io.metamask"
  };
  provider: EIP1193Provider;
}
 
const wallets: EIP6963ProviderDetail[] = [];
 
window.addEventListener("eip6963:announceProvider", (event: CustomEvent) => {
  wallets.push(event.detail);
});
 
// Request all wallets to announce themselves
window.dispatchEvent(new Event("eip6963:requestProvider"));
 
// Now 'wallets' contains all installed wallets with their names and icons
// You can show a wallet selection UI

import { walletConnect } from "wagmi/connectors";
 
const connector = walletConnect({
  projectId: "YOUR_PROJECT_ID", // Get from cloud.walletconnect.com
  showQrModal: true,
});

"use client";
 
import { useAccount, useSwitchChain } from "wagmi";
import { mainnet } from "wagmi/chains";
 
function NetworkGuard({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
  const { chain } = useAccount();
  const { switchChain, isPending } = useSwitchChain();
 
  if (!chain) return <p>Please connect your wallet</p>;
 
  if (chain.id !== mainnet.id) {
    return (
      <div>
        <p>Please switch to Ethereum Mainnet</p>
        <button
          onClick={() => switchChain({ chainId: mainnet.id })}
          disabled={isPending}
        >
          {isPending ? "Switching..." : "Switch Network"}
        </button>
      </div>
    );
  }
 
  return <>{children}</>;
}

{
  "name": "Cool NFT #42",
  "description": "A very cool NFT",
  "image": "ipfs://QmImageHash...",
  "attributes": [
    { "trait_type": "Background", "value": "Blue" },
    { "trait_type": "Rarity", "value": "Legendary" }
  ]
}

function ipfsToHttp(uri: string): string {
  if (uri.startsWith("ipfs://")) {
    const cid = uri.replace("ipfs://", "");
    return `https://ipfs.io/ipfs/${cid}`;
    // Or use a dedicated gateway:
    // return `https://YOUR_PROJECT.mypinata.cloud/ipfs/${cid}`;
  }
  return uri;
}
 
// Fetching NFT metadata
async function getNftMetadata(
  contractAddress: string,
  tokenId: bigint,
  provider: ethers.Provider
) {
  const contract = new ethers.Contract(
    contractAddress,
    ["function tokenURI(uint256 tokenId) view returns (string)"],
    provider
  );
 
  const tokenUri = await contract.tokenURI(tokenId);
  const httpUri = ipfsToHttp(tokenUri);
 
  const response = await fetch(httpUri);
  const metadata = await response.json();
 
  return {
    name: metadata.name,
    description: metadata.description,
    image: ipfsToHttp(metadata.image),
    attributes: metadata.attributes,
  };
}

// Uploading to Pinata
async function pinToIpfs(file: File): Promise<string> {
  const formData = new FormData();
  formData.append("file", file);
 
  const response = await fetch("https://api.pinata.cloud/pinning/pinFileToIPFS", {
    method: "POST",
    headers: {
      Authorization: `Bearer ${PINATA_JWT}`,
    },
    body: formData,
  });
 
  const result = await response.json();
  return `ipfs://${result.IpfsHash}`; // Returns CID
}

# Subgraph schema (schema.graphql)
type Transfer @entity {
  id: Bytes!
  from: Bytes!
  to: Bytes!
  value: BigInt!
  blockNumber: BigInt!
  timestamp: BigInt!
}
 
type Account @entity {
  id: Bytes!
  balance: BigInt!
  transfersFrom: [Transfer!]! @derivedFrom(field: "from")
  transfersTo: [Transfer!]! @derivedFrom(field: "to")
}

// Querying a subgraph from your frontend
const SUBGRAPH_URL =
  "https://api.studio.thegraph.com/query/YOUR_ID/YOUR_SUBGRAPH/v0.0.1";
 
async function getRecentTransfers(address: string) {
  const query = `
    query GetTransfers($address: Bytes!) {
      transfers(
        where: { from: $address }
        orderBy: blockNumber
        orderDirection: desc
        first: 100
      ) {
        id
        from
        to
        value
        blockNumber
        timestamp
      }
    }
  `;
 
  const response = await fetch(SUBGRAPH_URL, {
    method: "POST",
    headers: { "Content-Type": "application/json" },
    body: JSON.stringify({ query, variables: { address } }),
  });
 
  const { data } = await response.json();
  return data.transfers;
}

// Alchemy: Get all ERC-20 token balances for an address
const response = await fetch(
  `https://eth-mainnet.g.alchemy.com/v2/YOUR_KEY`,
  {
    method: "POST",
    headers: { "Content-Type": "application/json" },
    body: JSON.stringify({
      jsonrpc: "2.0",
      id: 1,
      method: "alchemy_getTokenBalances",
      params: ["0xAddress...", "erc20"],
    }),
  }
);
 
// Returns ALL ERC-20 token balances in one call
// vs. scanning every possible ERC-20 contract's balanceOf()

// Alchemy: Get all NFTs owned by an address
const response = await fetch(
  `https://eth-mainnet.g.alchemy.com/v2/YOUR_KEY/getNFTs?owner=0xAddress...`
);
 
const { ownedNfts } = await response.json();
for (const nft of ownedNfts) {
  console.log(`${nft.title} - ${nft.contract.address}#${nft.tokenId}`);
}

// WRONG — silent precision loss
const balance = 1000000000000000000; // 1 ETH in wei
const double = balance * 2;
console.log(double); // 2000000000000000000 — looks right, but...
 
const largeBalance = 99999999999999999999; // ~100 ETH
console.log(largeBalance);          // 100000000000000000000 — WRONG! Rounded up.
console.log(largeBalance === 100000000000000000000); // true — data corruption
 
// RIGHT — use BigInt
const balance = 1000000000000000000n;
const double = balance * 2n;
console.log(double.toString()); // "2000000000000000000" — correct
 
const largeBalance = 99999999999999999999n;
console.log(largeBalance.toString()); // "99999999999999999999" — correct

import { formatUnits, parseUnits } from "viem";
 
// Display: BigInt → human-readable string
const weiAmount = 1500000000000000000n; // 1.5 ETH
const display = formatUnits(weiAmount, 18); // "1.5"
 
// Input: human-readable string → BigInt
const userInput = "1.5";
const wei = parseUnits(userInput, 18); // 1500000000000000000n
 
// USDC has 6 decimals, not 18
const usdcAmount = 100000000n; // 100 USDC
const usdcDisplay = formatUnits(usdcAmount, 6); // "100.0"

// The user can reject any wallet prompt
try {
  const tx = await writeContract({
    address: contractAddress,
    abi: ERC20_ABI,
    functionName: "approve",
    args: [spenderAddress, amount],
  });
} catch (error) {
  if (error.code === 4001) {
    // User rejected the transaction in their wallet
    // This is normal — not an error to report
    showToast("Transaction cancelled");
  } else if (error.code === -32603) {
    // Internal JSON-RPC error — often means the transaction would revert
    showToast("Transaction would fail. Check your balance.");
  } else {
    // Unexpected error
    console.error("Transaction error:", error);
    showToast("Something went wrong. Please try again.");
  }
}

// Defensive chain checking
import { useAccount, useChainId } from "wagmi";
 
function useRequireChain(requiredChainId: number) {
  const chainId = useChainId();
  const { isConnected } = useAccount();
 
  if (!isConnected) {
    return { ready: false, error: "Please connect your wallet" };
  }
 
  if (chainId !== requiredChainId) {
    return {
      ready: false,
      error: `Please switch to ${getChainName(requiredChainId)}. You're on ${getChainName(chainId)}.`,
    };
  }
 
  return { ready: true, error: null };
}

// Setting slippage tolerance on a Uniswap-style swap
const amountOutMin = expectedOutput * 995n / 1000n; // 0.5% slippage tolerance
 
// Using a deadline to prevent long-lived pending transactions
const deadline = BigInt(Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000) + 60 * 20); // 20 minutes
 
await router.swapExactTokensForTokens(
  amountIn,
  amountOutMin,  // Minimum acceptable output — revert if we'd get less
  [tokenA, tokenB],
  userAddress,
  deadline,       // Revert if not executed within 20 minutes
);

// Using Flashbots Protect as your RPC endpoint
const provider = new ethers.JsonRpcProvider("https://rpc.flashbots.net");

async function formatTokenAmount(
  tokenAddress: string,
  rawAmount: bigint,
  provider: ethers.Provider
): Promise<string> {
  const contract = new ethers.Contract(
    tokenAddress,
    ["function decimals() view returns (uint8)", "function symbol() view returns (string)"],
    provider
  );
 
  const [decimals, symbol] = await Promise.all([
    contract.decimals(),
    contract.symbol(),
  ]);
 
  return `${ethers.formatUnits(rawAmount, decimals)} ${symbol}`;
}
 
// formatTokenAmount(USDC, 1000000n, provider) → "1.0 USDC"
// formatTokenAmount(WETH, 1000000000000000000n, provider) → "1.0 WETH"
// formatTokenAmount(WBTC, 100000000n, provider) → "1.0 WBTC"

import { createPublicClient, http, decodeFunctionResult } from "viem";
 
async function simulateAndGetError(client: ReturnType<typeof createPublicClient>, tx: object) {
  try {
    await client.call({
      account: tx.from,
      to: tx.to,
      data: tx.data,
      value: tx.value,
    });
    return null; // No error — transaction would succeed
  } catch (error) {
    // Decode the revert reason
    if (error.data) {
      // Common revert strings
      if (error.data.startsWith("0x08c379a0")) {
        // Error(string) — standard revert with message
        const reason = decodeAbiParameters(
          [{ type: "string" }],
          `0x${error.data.slice(10)}`
        );
        return `Revert: ${reason[0]}`;
      }
    }
    return error.message;
  }
}

"use client";
 
import { useAccount, useConnect, useDisconnect, useReadContract, useWriteContract, useWaitForTransactionReceipt } from "wagmi";
import { injected } from "wagmi/connectors";
import { formatUnits, parseUnits } from "viem";
import { useState } from "react";
 
const USDC_ADDRESS = "0xA0b86991c6218b36c1d19D4a2e9Eb0cE3606eB48";
 
const USDC_ABI = [
  {
    name: "balanceOf",
    type: "function",
    stateMutability: "view",
    inputs: [{ name: "account", type: "address" }],
    outputs: [{ name: "", type: "uint256" }],
  },
  {
    name: "transfer",
    type: "function",
    stateMutability: "nonpayable",
    inputs: [
      { name: "to", type: "address" },
      { name: "amount", type: "uint256" },
    ],
    outputs: [{ name: "", type: "bool" }],
  },
] as const;
 
export function TokenDashboard() {
  const { address, isConnected } = useAccount();
  const { connect } = useConnect();
  const { disconnect } = useDisconnect();
 
  const [recipient, setRecipient] = useState("");
  const [amount, setAmount] = useState("");
 
  // Read balance — only runs when address is defined
  const { data: balance, refetch: refetchBalance } = useReadContract({
    address: USDC_ADDRESS,
    abi: USDC_ABI,
    functionName: "balanceOf",
    args: address ? [address] : undefined,
    query: { enabled: !!address },
  });
 
  // Write: transfer tokens
  const {
    writeContract,
    data: txHash,
    isPending: isSigning,
    error: writeError,
  } = useWriteContract();
 
  // Wait for confirmation
  const { isLoading: isConfirming, isSuccess } = useWaitForTransactionReceipt({
    hash: txHash,
  });
 
  // Refetch balance after confirmation
  if (isSuccess) {
    refetchBalance();
  }
 
  if (!isConnected) {
    return (
      <button onClick={() => connect({ connector: injected() })}>
        Connect Wallet
      </button>
    );
  }
 
  return (
    <div>
      <p>Connected: {address}</p>
      <p>
        USDC Balance:{" "}
        {balance !== undefined ? formatUnits(balance, 6) : "Loading..."}
      </p>
 
      <div>
        <input
          placeholder="Recipient address (0x...)"
          value={recipient}
          onChange={(e) => setRecipient(e.target.value)}
        />
        <input
          placeholder="Amount (e.g., 100)"
          value={amount}
          onChange={(e) => setAmount(e.target.value)}
        />
        <button
          onClick={() => {
            writeContract({
              address: USDC_ADDRESS,
              abi: USDC_ABI,
              functionName: "transfer",
              args: [recipient as `0x${string}`, parseUnits(amount, 6)],
            });
          }}
          disabled={isSigning || isConfirming}
        >
          {isSigning
            ? "Confirm in wallet..."
            : isConfirming
              ? "Confirming..."
              : "Send USDC"}
        </button>
      </div>
 
      {writeError && <p style={{ color: "red" }}>{writeError.message}</p>}
      {isSuccess && <p style={{ color: "green" }}>Transfer confirmed!</p>}
      {txHash && (
        <a
          href={`https://etherscan.io/tx/${txHash}`}
          target="_blank"
          rel="noopener noreferrer"
        >
          View on Etherscan
        </a>
      )}
 
      <button onClick={() => disconnect()}>Disconnect</button>
    </div>
  );
}