Edge Functions: Apa Itu, Kapan Menggunakannya, dan Kapan Tidak

// Ini berfungsi di Node.js tapi TIDAK di edge
import fs from "fs";
import { createConnection } from "net";
import { execSync } from "child_process";
 
const file = fs.readFileSync("/etc/hosts"); // ❌ Tidak ada filesystem
const conn = createConnection({ port: 5432 }); // ❌ Tidak ada TCP mentah
const result = execSync("ls -la"); // ❌ Tidak ada child processes
process.env.DATABASE_URL; // ⚠️  Tersedia tapi statis, diatur saat deploy

// Semua ini berfungsi di edge
const response = await fetch("https://api.example.com/data");
const url = new URL(request.url);
const headers = new Headers({ "Content-Type": "application/json" });
const encoder = new TextEncoder();
const encoded = encoder.encode("hello");
const hash = await crypto.subtle.digest("SHA-256", encoded);
const id = crypto.randomUUID();
 
// Web Streams API
const stream = new ReadableStream({
  start(controller) {
    controller.enqueue("chunk 1");
    controller.enqueue("chunk 2");
    controller.close();
  },
});
 
// Cache API
const cache = caches.default;
await cache.put(request, response.clone());

// ❌ Jangan lakukan ini di edge
import dayjs from "dayjs";
import * as yup from "yup";
import lodash from "lodash";
 
// ✅ Lakukan ini — gunakan API bawaan
const date = new Date().toISOString();
const isValid = typeof input === "string" && input.length < 200;
const unique = [...new Set(items)];

// middleware.ts — berjalan di edge pada setiap request
import { NextRequest, NextResponse } from "next/server";
 
export const config = {
  matcher: ["/", "/shop/:path*"],
};
 
export function middleware(request: NextRequest) {
  const country = request.geo?.country ?? "US";
  const city = request.geo?.city ?? "Unknown";
  const region = request.geo?.region ?? "Unknown";
 
  // Redirect ke toko spesifik negara
  if (request.nextUrl.pathname === "/shop") {
    const storeMap: Record<string, string> = {
      DE: "/shop/eu",
      FR: "/shop/eu",
      GB: "/shop/uk",
      JP: "/shop/jp",
      TR: "/shop/tr",
    };
 
    const storePath = storeMap[country] ?? "/shop/us";
    if (request.nextUrl.pathname !== storePath) {
      return NextResponse.redirect(new URL(storePath, request.url));
    }
  }
 
  // Tambahkan header geo untuk penggunaan downstream
  const response = NextResponse.next();
  response.headers.set("x-user-country", country);
  response.headers.set("x-user-city", city);
  response.headers.set("x-user-region", region);
  return response;
}

import { NextRequest, NextResponse } from "next/server";
 
export function middleware(request: NextRequest) {
  // Periksa apakah pengguna sudah punya penetapan varian
  const existingVariant = request.cookies.get("ab-variant")?.value;
 
  if (existingVariant) {
    // Rewrite ke halaman varian yang benar
    const url = request.nextUrl.clone();
    url.pathname = `/variants/${existingVariant}${url.pathname}`;
    return NextResponse.rewrite(url);
  }
 
  // Tetapkan varian baru (pembagian 50/50)
  const variant = Math.random() < 0.5 ? "control" : "treatment";
 
  const url = request.nextUrl.clone();
  url.pathname = `/variants/${variant}${url.pathname}`;
 
  const response = NextResponse.rewrite(url);
  response.cookies.set("ab-variant", variant, {
    maxAge: 60 * 60 * 24 * 30, // 30 hari
    httpOnly: true,
    sameSite: "lax",
  });
 
  return response;
}

import { jwtVerify, importSPKI } from "jose";
import { NextRequest, NextResponse } from "next/server";
 
const PUBLIC_KEY = `-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEA...
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----`;
 
export async function middleware(request: NextRequest) {
  const token = request.cookies.get("session-token")?.value;
 
  if (!token) {
    return NextResponse.redirect(new URL("/login", request.url));
  }
 
  try {
    const key = await importSPKI(PUBLIC_KEY, "RS256");
    const { payload } = await jwtVerify(token, key, {
      algorithms: ["RS256"],
      issuer: "https://auth.example.com",
    });
 
    // Kirim info pengguna ke downstream sebagai header
    const response = NextResponse.next();
    response.headers.set("x-user-id", payload.sub as string);
    response.headers.set("x-user-role", payload.role as string);
    return response;
  } catch {
    // Token kedaluwarsa atau tidak valid
    const response = NextResponse.redirect(new URL("/login", request.url));
    response.cookies.delete("session-token");
    return response;
  }
}

import { NextRequest, NextResponse } from "next/server";
 
// Rate limiter in-memory sederhana (per lokasi edge)
const rateLimitMap = new Map<string, { count: number; timestamp: number }>();
 
export function middleware(request: NextRequest) {
  const ip = request.headers.get("x-forwarded-for")?.split(",").pop()?.trim() ?? "unknown";
  const ua = request.headers.get("user-agent") ?? "";
 
  // Blokir bot yang diketahui berbahaya
  const badBots = ["AhrefsBot", "SemrushBot", "MJ12bot", "DotBot"];
  if (badBots.some((bot) => ua.includes(bot))) {
    return new NextResponse("Forbidden", { status: 403 });
  }
 
  // Rate limiting sederhana
  const now = Date.now();
  const windowMs = 60_000; // 1 menit
  const maxRequests = 100;
 
  const entry = rateLimitMap.get(ip);
  if (entry && now - entry.timestamp < windowMs) {
    entry.count++;
    if (entry.count > maxRequests) {
      return new NextResponse("Too Many Requests", {
        status: 429,
        headers: { "Retry-After": "60" },
      });
    }
  } else {
    rateLimitMap.set(ip, { count: 1, timestamp: now });
  }
 
  // Pembersihan berkala untuk mencegah memory leak
  if (rateLimitMap.size > 10_000) {
    const cutoff = now - windowMs;
    for (const [key, val] of rateLimitMap) {
      if (val.timestamp < cutoff) rateLimitMap.delete(key);
    }
  }
 
  return NextResponse.next();
}

import { NextRequest, NextResponse } from "next/server";
 
export function middleware(request: NextRequest) {
  const response = NextResponse.next();
  const url = request.nextUrl;
 
  // Negosiasi konten berbasis perangkat
  const ua = request.headers.get("user-agent") ?? "";
  const isMobile = /mobile|android|iphone/i.test(ua);
  response.headers.set("x-device-type", isMobile ? "mobile" : "desktop");
 
  // Feature flags dari cookie
  const flags = request.cookies.get("feature-flags")?.value;
  if (flags) {
    response.headers.set("x-feature-flags", flags);
  }
 
  // Deteksi locale untuk i18n
  const acceptLanguage = request.headers.get("accept-language") ?? "en";
  const preferredLocale = acceptLanguage.split(",")[0]?.split("-")[0] ?? "en";
  const supportedLocales = [
    "en",
    "tr",
    "de",
    "fr",
    "es",
    "pt",
    "ja",
    "ko",
    "it",
    "nl",
    "ru",
    "pl",
    "uk",
    "sv",
    "cs",
    "ar",
    "hi",
    "zh",
  ];
  const locale = supportedLocales.includes(preferredLocale) ? preferredLocale : "en";
 
  if (!url.pathname.startsWith(`/${locale}`) && !url.pathname.startsWith("/api")) {
    return NextResponse.redirect(new URL(`/${locale}${url.pathname}`, request.url));
  }
 
  return response;
}

// ❌ Pola ini secara fundamental tidak berfungsi di edge
import { Pool } from "pg";
 
const pool = new Pool({
  connectionString: process.env.DATABASE_URL,
  max: 10, // Connection pool 10
});
 
// Setiap pemanggilan edge akan:
// 1. Membuat Pool baru (tidak bisa digunakan ulang antar pemanggilan secara reliable)
// 2. Membuka koneksi TCP ke database Anda (yang ada di us-east-1, bukan di edge)
// 3. Melakukan TLS handshake dengan database
// 4. Menjalankan query
// 5. Membuang koneksi ketika isolate didaur ulang
 
// Bahkan dengan layanan connection pooling seperti PgBouncer,
// Anda tetap membayar latensi jaringan dari edge → database origin

// ✅ Ini berfungsi di edge (akses database berbasis HTTP)
// Tapi tetap lambat jika database jauh dari node edge
import { neon } from "@neondatabase/serverless";
 
export const runtime = "edge";
 
export async function GET(request: Request) {
  const sql = neon(process.env.DATABASE_URL!);
  // Ini membuat request HTTP ke database Neon Anda
  // Berfungsi, tapi latensi tergantung jarak ke region database
  const posts = await sql`SELECT * FROM posts WHERE published = true LIMIT 10`;
  return Response.json(posts);
}

// ❌ Ini akan melampaui batas waktu CPU di edge
export const runtime = "edge";
 
export async function POST(request: Request) {
  const data = await request.json();
 
  // Pemrosesan gambar — intensif CPU
  // (Juga tidak bisa menggunakan sharp karena modul native)
  const processed = heavyImageProcessing(data.image);
 
  // Pembuatan PDF — intensif CPU + butuh API Node.js
  const pdf = generatePDF(data.content);
 
  // Transformasi data besar
  const result = data.items // 100.000 item
    .map(transform)
    .filter(validate)
    .sort(compare)
    .reduce(aggregate, {});
 
  return Response.json(result);
}

// ❌ Paket-paket ini tidak akan berfungsi di edge
import bcrypt from "bcrypt"; // Binding C++ native
import sharp from "sharp"; // Binding C++ native
import puppeteer from "puppeteer"; // Butuh filesystem + child_process
import nodemailer from "nodemailer"; // Butuh modul net
import { readFile } from "fs/promises"; // API filesystem Node.js
import mongoose from "mongoose"; // Koneksi TCP + API Node.js
 
// ✅ Alternatif yang kompatibel dengan edge
import { hashSync } from "bcryptjs"; // Implementasi JS murni (lebih lambat)
// Untuk gambar: gunakan layanan atau API terpisah
// Untuk email: gunakan API email berbasis HTTP (Resend, SendGrid REST)
// Untuk database: gunakan klien berbasis HTTP

// ❌ Import barrel file bisa menarik terlalu banyak
import { validateEmail } from "@/lib/utils";
// Jika utils.ts re-export dari 20 modul lain, semuanya ikut ter-bundle
 
// ✅ Import langsung dari sumbernya
import { validateEmail } from "@/lib/validators/email";

// middleware.ts — selalu berjalan di edge, tidak perlu opt-in
import { NextRequest, NextResponse } from "next/server";
 
export function middleware(request: NextRequest) {
  // Ini berjalan sebelum setiap request yang cocok
  // Jaga tetap cepat — tanpa panggilan database, tanpa komputasi berat
  return NextResponse.next();
}
 
export const config = {
  // Hanya jalankan di path tertentu
  matcher: ["/((?!_next/static|_next/image|favicon.ico|robots.txt|sitemap.xml).*)"],
};

// app/api/hello/route.ts
export const runtime = "edge"; // Satu baris ini mengubah runtime
 
export async function GET(request: Request) {
  return Response.json({
    message: "Halo dari edge",
    region: process.env.VERCEL_REGION ?? "unknown",
    timestamp: Date.now(),
  });
}

// app/dashboard/page.tsx
export const runtime = "edge";
 
export default async function DashboardPage() {
  // Ingat: tidak ada API Node.js di sini
  // Pengambilan data harus menggunakan fetch() atau klien yang kompatibel edge
  const data = await fetch("https://api.example.com/dashboard", {
    headers: { Authorization: `Bearer ${process.env.API_KEY}` },
    next: { revalidate: 60 },
  }).then((r) => r.json());
 
  return (
    <main>
      <h1>Dashboard</h1>
      {/* render data */}
    </main>
  );
}

// ✅ Tersedia di edge
fetch(); // Request HTTP
Request / Response; // Request/response standar web
Headers; // Header HTTP
URL / URLSearchParams; // Parsing URL
TextEncoder / TextDecoder; // Encoding string
crypto.subtle; // Operasi kripto (signing, hashing)
crypto.randomUUID(); // Generasi UUID
crypto.getRandomValues(); // Angka acak kriptografis
structuredClone(); // Deep cloning
atob() / btoa(); // Encoding/decoding Base64
setTimeout() / setInterval(); // Timer (tapi ingat batas CPU)
console.log(); // Logging
ReadableStream / WritableStream; // Streaming
AbortController / AbortSignal; // Pembatalan request
URLPattern; // Pencocokan pola URL
 
// ❌ TIDAK tersedia di edge
require(); // CommonJS (gunakan import)
fs / path / os; // Modul bawaan Node.js
process.exit(); // Kontrol proses
Buffer; // Gunakan Uint8Array sebagai gantinya
__dirname / __filename; // Gunakan import.meta.url
setImmediate(); // Bukan standar web

// lib/edge-auth.ts — Utilitas auth yang kompatibel edge
import { jwtVerify, SignJWT, importSPKI, importPKCS8 } from "jose";
 
const PUBLIC_KEY_PEM = process.env.JWT_PUBLIC_KEY!;
const ISSUER = "https://auth.myapp.com";
const AUDIENCE = "https://myapp.com";
 
export interface TokenPayload {
  sub: string;
  email: string;
  role: "user" | "admin" | "moderator";
  iat: number;
  exp: number;
}
 
export async function verifyToken(token: string): Promise<TokenPayload | null> {
  try {
    const publicKey = await importSPKI(PUBLIC_KEY_PEM, "RS256");
    const { payload } = await jwtVerify(token, publicKey, {
      algorithms: ["RS256"],
      issuer: ISSUER,
      audience: AUDIENCE,
      clockTolerance: 30, // 30 detik toleransi perbedaan jam
    });
 
    return payload as unknown as TokenPayload;
  } catch {
    return null;
  }
}
 
export function isTokenExpiringSoon(payload: TokenPayload): boolean {
  const now = Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000);
  const fiveMinutes = 5 * 60;
  return payload.exp - now < fiveMinutes;
}

// middleware.ts — Middleware auth
import { NextRequest, NextResponse } from "next/server";
import { verifyToken, isTokenExpiringSoon } from "./lib/edge-auth";
 
const PUBLIC_PATHS = ["/", "/login", "/register", "/api/auth/login"];
const ADMIN_PATHS = ["/admin"];
 
export async function middleware(request: NextRequest) {
  const { pathname } = request.nextUrl;
 
  // Lewati auth untuk path publik
  if (PUBLIC_PATHS.some((p) => pathname === p || pathname.startsWith("/api/public"))) {
    return NextResponse.next();
  }
 
  // Ekstrak token
  const token = request.cookies.get("auth-token")?.value;
  if (!token) {
    return NextResponse.redirect(new URL("/login", request.url));
  }
 
  // Verifikasi token (kripto murni — tanpa panggilan database)
  const payload = await verifyToken(token);
  if (!payload) {
    const response = NextResponse.redirect(new URL("/login", request.url));
    response.cookies.delete("auth-token");
    return response;
  }
 
  // Kontrol akses berbasis peran
  if (ADMIN_PATHS.some((p) => pathname.startsWith(p)) && payload.role !== "admin") {
    return NextResponse.redirect(new URL("/unauthorized", request.url));
  }
 
  // Kirim info pengguna yang terverifikasi ke origin sebagai header terpercaya
  const response = NextResponse.next();
  response.headers.set("x-user-id", payload.sub);
  response.headers.set("x-user-email", payload.email);
  response.headers.set("x-user-role", payload.role);
 
  // Sinyal jika token perlu di-refresh
  if (isTokenExpiringSoon(payload)) {
    response.headers.set("x-token-refresh", "true");
  }
 
  return response;
}

// app/api/profile/route.ts — Server origin membaca header terpercaya
export async function GET(request: Request) {
  // Header ini diatur oleh edge middleware setelah verifikasi JWT
  // Mereka terpercaya karena berasal dari infrastruktur kita sendiri
  const userId = request.headers.get("x-user-id");
  const userRole = request.headers.get("x-user-role");
 
  if (!userId) {
    return Response.json({ error: "Unauthorized" }, { status: 401 });
  }
 
  // Sekarang kita bisa menghubungi database — kita di server origin,
  // tepat di samping database, dengan connection pool
  const user = await db.user.findUnique({ where: { id: userId } });
 
  return Response.json(user);
}

// app/api/products/route.ts
export const runtime = "edge";
 
export async function GET(request: Request) {
  const url = new URL(request.url);
  const category = url.searchParams.get("category") ?? "all";
 
  const products = await fetch(`${process.env.ORIGIN_API}/products?category=${category}`).then((r) => r.json());
 
  return Response.json(products, {
    headers: {
      // Cache di CDN selama 60 detik
      // Sajikan stale sambil memvalidasi ulang hingga 5 menit
      // Klien bisa cache selama 10 detik
      "Cache-Control": "public, s-maxage=60, stale-while-revalidate=300, max-age=10",
 
      // Vary berdasarkan header ini agar varian berbeda mendapat entri cache berbeda
      Vary: "Accept-Language, Accept-Encoding",
 
      // Tag cache khusus CDN untuk invalidasi terarah
      "Cache-Tag": `products,category-${category}`,
    },
  });
}

import { get } from "@vercel/edge-config";
import { NextRequest, NextResponse } from "next/server";
 
export async function middleware(request: NextRequest) {
  // Pembacaan Edge Config sangat cepat (~1ms) karena
  // data direplikasi ke setiap lokasi edge
  const maintenanceMode = await get<boolean>("maintenance_mode");
 
  if (maintenanceMode) {
    return NextResponse.rewrite(new URL("/maintenance", request.url));
  }
 
  // Feature flags
  const features = await get<Record<string, boolean>>("feature_flags");
  if (features?.["new_pricing_page"] && request.nextUrl.pathname === "/pricing") {
    return NextResponse.rewrite(new URL("/pricing-v2", request.url));
  }
 
  // Redirect dinamis (perbarui redirect tanpa redeploy)
  const redirects = await get<Array<{ from: string; to: string; permanent: boolean }>>("redirects");
 
  if (redirects) {
    const match = redirects.find((r) => r.from === request.nextUrl.pathname);
    if (match) {
      return NextResponse.redirect(new URL(match.to, request.url), match.permanent ? 308 : 307);
    }
  }
 
  return NextResponse.next();
}

// ✅ SEMPURNA untuk edge
// - Middleware (auth, redirect, rewrite, header)
// - Logika geolokasi
// - Penetapan A/B test
// - Deteksi bot / aturan WAF
// - Respons API yang ramah cache
// - Pengecekan feature flag
// - Respons preflight CORS
// - Transformasi data statis (tanpa DB)
// - Verifikasi tanda tangan webhook
 
// ❌ TETAP di Node.js regional
// - Operasi CRUD database
// - Upload / pemrosesan file
// - Manipulasi gambar
// - Pembuatan PDF
// - Pengiriman email (gunakan HTTP API, tapi tetap regional)
// - Server WebSocket
// - Background jobs / antrian
// - Apa pun yang menggunakan paket npm native
// - Halaman SSR dengan query database
// - Resolver GraphQL yang menghubungi database
 
// 🤔 TERGANTUNG
// - Autentikasi (edge untuk JWT, regional untuk session-DB)
// - API routes (edge jika tanpa DB, regional jika ada DB)
// - Halaman server-rendered (edge jika data dari cache/fetch, regional jika DB)
// - Fitur real-time (edge untuk auth awal, regional untuk koneksi persisten)